Bhutan: Red Army in the Dragon Kingdom

Participants in the CCOMPOSA political association of South Asian Maoists, the Communist Party of Bhutan (MLM) have openly declared the imminent launch of insurgency with the immediate goal of abolishing the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. I am not familiar with the author of this article, nor much beyond superficialities regarding life in Bhutan. This article is posted because it is so far unique, and that it appears to confirm the prognosis that South Asia is indeed becoming a storm center of world revolution. [Kantipur is not a Maoist publication. All links are provided for informational purposes.]

By Deepak Adhikari
Kantipur Online

Another Maoist insurgency is going to rock yet another country in South Asia, if the statements made by the leaders of the Communist Party of Bhutan Marxist-Leninist-Maoist (CPM MLM) are anything to go by.      

"Preliminary preparations for an insurgency are over. We are going to launch it soon," says Vikalpa, nom-de-plume of CPB MLM General Secretary.
Bhutan is holding its parliamentary elections in March and April 2007. But, prior to the election date, CPB MLM plans to launch its 'People's War' in the Himalayan kingdom.

The goal: Abolition of monarchy and establishment of a republic.

Following the footsteps of Nepali Maoists who had submitted a 40-point demand to the then Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba before launching a 'People's War', CPB MLM faxed a 13-point demand to the Royal Government of Bhutan on March 22, 2007.

The letter stressed the need to "introduce people's democracy in the place of absolute monarchy." The party has asked for multi-party democracy, repatriation of the refugees to their original homes with honor and dignity, release of all political prisoners and to introduce the land reform act etc.

Vikalpa (literally, alternative) says that fulfillment of the demands would have paved the way for a peaceful resolution. "But, the government, rather than taking it seriously, has unleashed terror by arresting commoners, and this has prompted us to wage an armed struggle," says CPB supremo Vikalpa. .

The Druk regime is yet to respond to these demands.
The unfolding events suggest that South Asia's only active monarchy that is ruling the so-called 'Last Shangri-La' is likely to take the country into Maoist violence. The eruption of militancy in northeastern South Asia will not only push Bhutan into turmoil but the two biggest Asian power i.e. India and China will have to deal with yet another insurgency in their backyards.

Expanding Network
At a time when Nepal was mired in the Maoist conflict, CPB MLM was announced on April 22, 2003. Pamphlets were widely distributed and posters were pasted in and around the seven refugee camps of Jhapa and Morang districts of Nepal.  On the same day, sixteen out of a total twenty districts in Bhutan saw similar activities. That was the occasion of Lenin Day and the official announcement of the first communist party in Bhutan formed two years back.

Following its formal announcement, Bhutanese Maoist leaders zeroed in on two areas: expanding the organizational network and intensifying political and military training. The Maoist cadres overwhelmingly participated in the 'long march' along the Mechi Bridge on the border between Nepal and India last May. The forceful attempt made by the refugees to return to their home country did not succeed. It ended with clashes between refugees and Indian security forces.

The unrest triggered by the Maoists in Beldangi camp of Jhapa on 27 and 28 May led to the death of Narapati Dhungel and Purna Bahadur Tamang. The CPB MLM organized a condolence meet for the 'martyrs' in Beldangi and Sanischare camps on June 10. Student leaders Toya Khatiwada, Pasang Rai, Mesh Pathak, Champa Singh Rai delivered speeches during the programme.

An emergency meeting of CPB MLM Central Committee held in the first week of June, following the Beldangi and Mechi Bridge incidents, concluded that the grounds for an armed struggle were ripening. The meeting also decided to launch a 'People's War' at the earliest. Following this, CPB has intensified its activities in all the seven refugee camps. The party has been organizing cultural programmes and closed-door meetings to indoctrinate more refugees for the upcoming 'People's War.'

Some of the Bhutanese leaders have gone to Western countries like USA, UK, Germany, while others stay in their cozy apartments in Kathmandu, leaving their countrymen in the cramped refugee camps.

In this backdrop, the Maoists have maintained a low profile while expanding the party network on a war footing. They have succeeded in drawing huge numbers of disgruntled refugees to their block. These new breed of leaders, unlike hitherto known leaders, are little known but they are spirited youths mostly from a teaching background. While the number of full time party members is still a matter of conjecture, what is obvious is that the party leadership has been rapidly expanding its network.

Since the party is underground, most of its activities are undertaken through its sister organizations. All Bhutan Revolutionary Student Association, its student wing, was formed shortly after the announcement of CPB MLM. Similarly, All Bhutan Women Association was announced just two weeks after the formation of its student wing. All Bhutan Republic Youth Association, all Bhutan Teachers' Association, All Bhutan Peasants' Association, All Bhutan People's Cultural Forum are other sister organizations of the party.
CPB has also adopted the strategy to form independent or literary groups to spread its ideology. The now defunct Communist Study Center led by a refugee from Goldhap camp (who was adept at oratory skills) active in 2003 was one such group.

CPB MLM has also been involved in collecting funds. News sources say, the party has collected donations from Bhutanese teachers working in private schools and plus-two colleges in Kathmandu. Similarly, the party has urged Bhutanese working in INGOs and donor agencies to contribute 5 per cent of their salary. Sources claim the party has been able to collect approximately 14 lakh rupees, some of which was spent on purchasing arms.

Organizing cultural programmes is another way to collect money for the party. All Bhutan People's Cultural Forum organized a cultural programme and a drama titled 'Paristhiti Le Janmaeko Lakshya' (Goal Created by Circumstances) at the Nepal Academy in Kathmandu on May 10, 2007. More than thirty thousand rupees was collected from the tickets of the show and from the sales of the album 'Bidroha Ka Jhilkaharu' (Sparks of Rebellion).

Preparing for 'People's War'
The first national conference of CPB MLM (from January 31 to February 3, 2006) devised an ideological and technical outline for a 'People's War.' According to a party press release, the conference approved the manifesto and the programme and policies of the party. The conference, according to the release, "broke all the large and bulky party committees into a sophisticated one to make a unified force."

The conference also elected Vikalpa General Secretary until the second national conference. "The most important decision was to make party military oriented and military party oriented," argues Vikalpa.

Bhutanese Maoists have followed the strategies adopted by Nepali Maoists. The protracted People's War is divided into three strategic phases: defense, balance and counter attack. Defense is again divided into three sub-phases:  preparation, commencement and continuation. Among these, the party is still in its first phase. The preparation phase is again divided into four phases: ideological, organizational, technical and related to struggle. Among these, they have started the propaganda machine through cultural programmes, production of people oriented musical albums and pamphlets and posters. Party mouthpieces such as Vidhyarthi Pratirodh and Naulo Awaj also serve their purpose.

CPB MLM has also applied Chinese leader Mao's doctrine: 'encircling city from village.' It has stressed the formation of an armed force to implement the doctrine. Vikram, one of CPB leaders, says they plan to create a guerilla force that will be technically able to carry out defensive attacks, which, in his words, "will crush the enemy's forces while defending our forces."

What is the military strength? Vikalpa says, "We have a few old and homemade guns. However, our fighters are not trained for hi-tech war. We believe in getting trained in the course of war." He adds, "There cannot be a better training field than the working area."

Made in Bhutan
CPB MLM's working area is none other than Bhutanese soil. Apart from refugee camps, Bhutanese leaders are active in Damak and Birtamode of Jhapa and Siliguri (West Bengal), Sikkim, Darjeeling and Assam in India. They also frequent Kathmandu in order to propagate and collect funds. But they are trying to focus their activities mainly inside Bhutan. CPB leaders claim that theirs is the only party established inside Bhutan. The Central Committee of CPB MLM has five commands (four commands operate in Bhutan and one in the refugee camp). More than one lakh refugees are languishing in the camps while one lakh and eighty thousand Lhotsampas (Nepali speaking Southern Bhutanese) are in Bhutan.

Penetration by its cadres inside Bhutan and their mobilization has been a top Maoist priority. The result: three districts namely Tashigang, Samdrup Jonkhar and Samchi are now Maoist hotbeds. Bhutan's geographical situation (65 percent forest and 80 percent mountainous and hill region), says CPB, is suitable for guerrilla warfare.

Sources say, the party plans to stat a 'People's War' from the northern districts of Yangtse, Tashigang and Mongar where the state has a minimum presence. These districts share a porous border with Arunachal state of India, which China claims as its own. The Sarchops (ethnic Bhutanese of the East) are the majority in that region. Sarchops account for 33 percent of the total population and they are coming under the influence of CPB MLM. Sarchop Mukti Morcha, a sister organization of CPB was formed a few months ago. Another organization called Gorkha Rastriya Mukti Morcha led by Amar Chhetri (which demands six southern districts be declared Gorkha Pradesh) has close ties with the Maoists.

However, an analyst warns that the idea to launch the war from the southern stronghold of Lhotsamaps might be counterproductive. The Druk regime has been terrorizing south Bhutan for years. As a result, that part has become an epicentre of rebellion since the early 90s when one lakh Nepali speaking Bhutanse were forced to leave their homeland.

Bhutan State Congress (est. 1952), led by DB Gurung, pioneered the rebellion in 1954 from Sarbhang district of South Bhutan. Interestingly, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala had also taken part in the democratic movement in Bhutan in the early 1950s. He disclosed the fact in his memoir published in Nepal Weekly Magazine (Aug 20-26, 2007). CPB MLM invokes Mahashur Chhetri, killed in 1954 uprising, as an inspiration for their cause.

Nepal Connection
As mentioned above, Bhutanese Maoists have largely drawn the strategy and tactics from Nepali Maoists. Bhutanese comrades have maintained a rapport with the Nepali Maoists since its inception. Nepali Maoists, sources say, provided ideological and material assistance to them. Senior leaders of CPN M imparted training on firearms and ideological and cultural issues. With both parties being members of the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organizations of South Asia (CCOMPASA), it's easier for them to cooperate, sources privy to the Maoists say. CPB MLM actively participated in an international seminar organized by CPB M between December 26 and 30, 2006. CP Gajurel 'Gaurav', In-charge of the International Bureau, CPN M, says, "We are very close, for we follow the same ideology in the first place and they are also people of Nepali origin in the second."

He disclosed that most of the CPB MLM leaders were trained and inspired by Nepal's 'People's War.' He adds, "We are helping them in guerrilla warfare strategy and working policy."

If CPN Maoist enters mainstream politics shunning violence, they might only share ideological grounds. Nevertheless, if the Constituent Assembly polls did not take place and they adopted a policy of rebellion, relations between these parties might extend to the level of material cooperation. CPB also maintains close ties with the Communist Party of India Maoist.

Violence out of Compulsion?
The Bhutanese refugee stalemate is the main base where CPB aims to launch a 'People's War.' Scholars had predicted that if the refugee impasse remained for a long time, the youths would be drawn to violence. Aruni John, a Sri Lankan scholar, in her research published by Colombo-based think-tank Regional Centre for Strategic Studies as early as August 2000 wrote, "It is likely that the unemployed Bhutanese refugee youths in Nepal will shortly become potential recruits for militant forces that currently destabilized northeast India, southern Bhutan and eastern Nepal."

She concluded, "Frustration with a legal process between the governments of Bhutan and Nepal that appears to be going nowhere, a splintered refugee leadership, a seemingly uncompromising Bhutanese monarchy, and the lack of future options may push these refugee youth to turn to militancy." Many Bhutanese leaders opine that the Bhutan government should take the responsibility for the plight of the refugees. Teknath Rizal, Chairman of Bhutanese Movement Steering Committee, says, "Every person has a limit of tolerance. If that limit is crossed, one is compelled to resort to arms."

The main reasons behind the formation of CPB are the frustration and anger due to the protracted refugee crisis.  But will politics of violence be successful? A Bhutanese human rights leader has a few caveats. He says it is problematic for an underground party to wage a war in Bhutan due to the small size and the sparse population of the country. He recollects the arrest of 39 Bhutanese following a cultural programme4 organized by Maoists in May.

Bhutan with a population of seven lakh and fifty thousand has nearly 22 thousand security forces including the Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan Police. Approximately 20 thousand Indian Army personnel are currently stationed in Bhutan. The soldiers are said to be kept in Bhutan for military training, road construction and other development works. This heavy military presence makes it difficult for CPB MLM to launch a 'People's War.' Probably taking its cue from this scenario, CPB has asked other political parties to launch a joint struggle against monarchy. A recent press release undersigned by Vikalpa reads, "We request all the political parties to form a unified front to fight against Bhutan's monarchy, the common enemy of all democratic forces."

Thinley Penjor, chairman of Druk National Congress (DNC), while admitting that the DNC and CPB cadres in Bhutan are working jointly at local levels, hinted at the possibility of unity at the central level. Nepali Maoist leaders had advised Bhutanese Maoists to work with other stakeholders. Ram Karki, chief of Bhutan desk in the International Bureau of CPN M, says, "The Bhutanese movement will succeed only if it joins hands with DNC and BPP (Bhutan People's Party)."

India's Role
Maoist leader Gaurav says, "It's easy to start an armed struggle in Bhutan because the government is very weak. But, it may have to face the military strength of India." Bhutan, surrounded by Indian states fighting an insurgency for decades, is a strategically important region. "That's why," he says, "India will try to prevent a 'People's War.'" Like Nepal, it is sandwiched between China and India. CPB has a nexus with ULFA and Bodo, separatist outfits operating in northeast India.

When Nepal's Maoist conflict reached its apogee, India termed it a common security threat for both countries. If such a Maoist conflict spawns in Bhutan, it will definitely be a trilateral (Bhutan, Nepal and India) issue. "Bhutanese Maoists have to directly confront Indian security forces," says Ram Karki, central member of CPN M.

Indian interest in Bhutan is manifold. However, bilateral treaties bind Bhutan with its southern neighbour. According to the India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 1949, India has the prerogative over the issues of foreign affairs and security of Bhutan. The treaty was amended in February this year. Firstly, Article 2 has been rephrased and the term 'guided by the advice by GOI' has been replaced by 'friendly cooperation' in the context of Bhutan's foreign relations. Secondly, Article 6 has been revised to the extent that Bhutan can act independently in importing non-lethal equipment, but will still have to go by India’s assistance and approval for import of arms, ammunition, machines and warlike materials and stores for Bhutan’s welfare and protection. Though, there seems to be some changes in theory, India still plays in practice a significant role in the security and foreign relations of the Druk regime.

India's special relation with Bhutan has irked Bhutanese refugee leaders. Bhutanese leader Teknath Rizal says, "Aren't the issues raised in Terai and ours the same? Why does India keep mum over our issue?" India's diplomatic reticence is obvious given its involvement in hydropower projects and military training in Bhutan. India has established a Military Training Team (IMTRAT) in Ha district of Bhutan. The Indian army is also active in Bhutan under the name of the General Road Task Force.

In early 2003, the Royal Bhutan Army with assistance from the Indian army flushed out the insurgents operating in northeastern India from their base in southern Bhutan. The separatist outfits, United Liberation Front of Assam, National Democratic Front of Bodoland and Kamatapur Liberation Organization, once welcomed by the royal government, were later perceived as threats to the state. But three years after getting rid of the Indian insurgents, the government is likely to confront homegrown militants.

This confrontation can largely be traced to the refugee problem created by Bhutan itself almost two decades ago. In this scenario enters the United States with a proposal to resettle sixty thousand refugees. This proposal, sources say, surfaced after the US detected growing extremism in the refugee camps. Australia and Canada have also shown willingness to take in a few thousand refugees.

But, the advocates of third country settlement have been targeted by the Maoists. Two camp secretaries of Beldangi camp, Hari Adhikari Bangaley and Manorath Khanal, have been frequently assaulted over the last three months.  Sources say Maoist cadres were involved in the incidents. The CPB MLM took part in the 'Long March' movement to return home in May this year. A press release of the party dated June 7, 2007 reads, "The organizations privy to our party had to lead the movement in Mechi Bridge due to the failure of the National Front for Democracy."

In the same release, the party has vowed to start an armed struggle. It remains to be seen whether CPB MLM will be confined to mere press releases or carry out yet another 'People's War' in the subcontinent.

Comments

[zerohour]

If this story has any truth to it, isn't the party revealing quite a bit about its plans ahead of time?

[JB]

The proclamation claimed here is from before Spring 2007. That I've only recently encountered it, and as there is basically zero reporting coming from Bhutan, it's hard to know what has happened or is currently afoot.

In 1996, Kazembe Balagun wrote the first article in the United States (aside from notice in the RCP's Revolutionary Worker) about the initiation of the People's War in Nepal. There wasn't a mainstream notice in the Anglo-American press for years, and with the exception of an article by Li Onesto in Z and some news digesting by me in The Indypendent there continues to be de facto censorship about Nepal – even after the relatively successful republican civil movement in Katmandu.

These are truly countries at the ends of the earth, as seen from here (and even in Asia). The juncture region between Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Tibetan region of China and China is one of the true wilds of the earth.

There are many rebel and regional movements – but the People's War strategy has profoundly changed the political calculus everywhere it has taken shape – so I note the launch of such wars with hope and expectation.

[repeater]

It seems to me that there has always been an interesting tension between operational security and boldly telling the enemy exactly what you intend to do. The latter, if done correctly, has the effect of demoralizing the enemy when they cannot stop you. The key is to find exactly that spot where state interference, or attempts to stop an action, actually reinforces it. As well as to find those spots where the state has very little or no ability to interfere at all, such as in areas of the country that are not well controlled.

For instance setting forward a list of demands, then met with police attacks, thus making the demands even more pressing for the people at large, etc.

With respect to the other, development in areas where the state has little control carries fewer risks. But again, when you show your ability to go against the state as a sovereign, especially when you have announced very clearly your intention to do so, even if you choose to do so in an area where they don't have control, you have just posed the illegitimacy of that sovereignty, even in the eyes of its own operatives.

In other words, they win a political victory if they survive long enough to launch the uprising. And if they've planned well enough and are working in places of little, or contested, state authority already, it is highly unlikely that they will be crushed prior to a launching of PW.

[repeater]

The more central issue is whether the conditions in Bhutan lend themselves to a successful uprising, and or PW. This is an analysis and decision which should probably be left in the hands of those undertaking the analysis and organizing in Bhutan itself.

[Andrei Mazenov]

I am excited to hear that the CPB-(MLM) has grown in such a way that it now has a basis to launch a new democratic revolution under the leadership of the working class soon, and could have many contradictory effects...

On one hand, it could represent a great leap and strengthening of the Maoist people's wars already going on in Nepal and India, and bring inspiration to the growing Communist movements in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

On the other hand, it could also certainly provoke the rancor of the Indian Army, which would undoubtedly be an immensely powerful enemy to deal with. But the Bhutanese people have Marxism-Leninism-Maoism on their side, and when we look to places like China, Vietnam, and (to an extent) Nepal, we see that it is people, not weapons, that determine warfare.

Let us hope that the Bhutanese masses can victoriously seize power in a way that helps bring about a new socialist state in South Asia, especially with the International Communist Movement being in such a precarious position. Woohoo!

[Christopher Day]

Woohoo?

I agree that this is potentially exciting news. But Andrei's post is a sort of condensed collection of Maoist platitudes that really should be viewed critically. In that spirit some questions:

What is the basis of the claim that this is under "the leadership of the working class"? What is the social composition of the CPB(MLM)? What is the class structure of Bhutan? What do we mean, precisely, by "working class" in this instance? Does Bhutan have an industrial proletariat? What is the weight of other sectors of workers (rural, commercial, etc...)?

What does it mean to say "the Bhutanese people have Marxism-Leninism-Maoism on their side"? What is the actual program of the CPB(MLM)? How well grounded is it in a correct analysis of the situation in Bhutan and the situation of Bhutan internationally?

Finally it is people WITH weapons that determine warfare. So, what are the military capacities of the Bhutanese state? What are the factors favoring or working against an Indian intervention? What are the prospects for the CPB(MLM) to effectively arm itself? What is the physical and political terrain of Bhutan like?

We can't answer all of these questions to our satisfaction as of yet. But I would rather read attempts to do so than cheerleading (even if a little cheerleading is in order as well).

[Christopher Day]

Repeater, while I look forward to reading analyses coming out of Bhutan itself and agree that they should be viewed as deserving special attention, as revolutionaries we need to school ourselves on the social and political situation there using the (scholarly, journalistic, etc...) materials available to us. I certainly oppose the concoction of instant analyses at great distances. But some preliminary investigation should give us a much better picture than most of us have right now.

[JB]

There have been rumors about this for some time. Currently, press releases from the Bhutan group have only been available on the website of the CPN(M). There are many refugees from Bhutan currently in camps in Nepal, and it was there that many of them encountered Maoism. The word is also that many of them are ethnic Nepalis.

This overview seems to provide some basic information, and as with Nepal the main danger of outside military intervention is from India.

The country of Sikkim that sits right between Nepal and Bhutan was forcibly absorbed into India, in a process that is called "Sikkimization" – or the absorbtion of nations into the Indian state, or under their hegemony.

[repeater]

Chris,

My point, in saying that "this is an analysis and decision which should probably be left in the hands of those undertaking the analysis and organizing in Bhutan itself", was to say that those undertaking to risk there lives in such a way should be trusted overall to have taken the correct precautions and to have sized up the situation and their capacities better than we could.

This was in reference to my previous post which tried to engage zerohour's question about the Bhutanese revealing too much, and the implied questioning of the wisdom of doing so. My original post was meant to correct the idea that there are not times when you tell the enemy exactly what you're going to do, and that this approach is somehow always antithetical to security and success. The addendum was to clarify the level and tempo of analysis necessary to answer the question of timing a succesful uprising or PW. It is a day to day level of analysis in many respects. It is not a decision that we can make or are in a situation to second guess, regardless of how much we study the situation from afar.

At least some of the conditions, and the answers to your questions pointed towards Mazenov, are in the article above. For instance, you ask, "what are the military capacities of the Bhutanese state? What are the factors favoring or working against an Indian intervention? What are the prospects for the CPB(MLM) to effectively arm itself? What is the physical and political terrain of Bhutan like?" The above article states that India actually has tens of thousands of forces in Bhutan right now: "nearly 22 thousand security forces including the Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan Police. Approximately 20 thousand Indian Army personnel are currently stationed in Bhutan. The soldiers are said to be kept in Bhutan for military training, road construction and other development works." It also discusses the small amount of arms and training among the maoists, and their intention to develop these capacities through prosecuting PPW. It further points out the limited government control over the refugee camps and other areas of the country, some of this likely to be related to some physical geography features, and a general lack of development similar to Nepal.

Overall, it seems clear to me that it CAN be done, whether it should be done is an on-the-ground political judgement to be made by those forces risking their lives, who have the most intimate knowledge of both their own capacities and that of the state. We should, generally, have some faith that forces outlining such demands and making such statements know what they're doing. So we should support them at least as much as people support any such movement in the world. And we can wait for things to develop before reaching conclusions. That was my point.

I think of how ridiculous it would be for people in Bhutan, for instance, to tell us what's what in the U.S. based upon the thorough investigation of journal's and scholarly publications. And I think it's even more ridiculous coming from the other end. By analogy, I would ask what your first impressions were of the Zapatistas when they came out of the jungle in 1994, and to what extent you demanded at that time that "we need to school ourselves on the social and political situation there using the (scholarly, journalistic, etc...) materials available to us." Though you've certainly done that today, if you had required such a level of investigation in 1994, before making the decision to support them, you wouldn't have found much, and you would have missed the bigger political point.

You ask of AM: "What does it mean to say "the Bhutanese people have Marxism-Leninism-Maoism on their side"? What is the actual program of the CPB(MLM)? How well grounded is it in a correct analysis of the situation in Bhutan and the situation of Bhutan internationally?"

If you will permit me to answer, it means that the people of Bhutan have access to an ideology made concrete by an organization, which is capable of helping them to make sense of their situation and to radically change it via revolution. Do you think it means something else?

As to their particular program, we have a very basic outline in the article above, that is, an end to the Monarchy and a demand for a Republic. They intend to fight for this using some version of Protracted People's War.

As for your last question, I'm not entirely sure what level of analysis would satisfy you. The above article by an outside source suggests that it is grounded at least somewhat in the situation in South Asia, because someone found it worthy of discussion. If it was not at all grounded, and not at all relevant, no one would have bothered. But considering the state of things in Nepal and India, it shouldn't be too hard to imagine that both the demands and the ideology at the head of them are very grounded in the realities of South Asia. If we are to look at the situation from a political perspective, and not an academic perspective, we have to look at the Bhutanese maoists not as a force simply doing analysis of the situation and then creating some program to reflect that situation, but as a part of the situation itself. It doesn't get more grounded than that. And finally, we must choose sides. That is the real question here, and as always we don't have all the knowledge we would like to have in making that choice.

Chris writes: "we need to school ourselves on the social and political situation there using the (scholarly, journalistic, etc...) materials available to us."

No we don't. First of all, what scholarly, journalistic, etc. materials are you referring to? What makes you think they exist in any form which is readily accessible? Second of all, depending on what level of investigation and analysis would satisfy you, we could spend ridiculous amounts of time investigating Bhutan simply to be able to pronounce that the maoist organization there is, or is not, to our liking. Thirdly, the people living in Bhutan will have a grasp of things that you simply cannot pick up in any amount of reading. And with regards to studying a revolution in a country with 750,000 people, there are more pressing issues at hand. We have certain pressing responsibilities in making a analysis and political organization grounded in the situation in the U.S. with the capability of changing said situation. We will be of much more help to all the people and ideologies in the world fighting for liberation, if we accomplish something of this in the U.S.

Is it possible, Chris, that your problem is with the language of ideological commitment. The illusion that the academy, where ideological commitment is avoided or shunned, doesn't in fact have certain obvious ideological structures at work. You seem to assume that knowledge should be approached from an academic perspective and that we should avoid ideological commitment and the jargon, or as you call it in this instance, "maoist platitudes" that conveys this ideological commitment.

You may not like the maoist version, but we can't make a principle out of "non-ideological" discourse, and we should understand that anything new that we build will bring its own lexicon of jargon and platitudes. And that is not entirely bad.

[Christopher Day]

Repeater,

I have no problem with the language of political commitment. Or even jargon, which is a neccesity in many instances. As I said at the outset, I think this is an exciting development. And to be absolutely clear I think that it should be supported. I asusmed that was understood. My (admittedly grouchy) comment towards Andrei was not intended as an argument against supporting the CPB(MLM), but rather a response to the use of the language of commitment as a shortcut around hard questions. My problem is with the use of jargon that doesn't actually tell me anything even when I know what it "means." Whether Andrei's brief comment actually indicates a reluctance to deal with those questions I don't know, and perhaps I was unfair to a simple spirited expression of support. But I do know that it didn't tell me anything.

I read the article and found it informative as well. And I don't believe that a more in depth investigation should be a condition of expressing support, but I do think it is one of the tasks of anybody who expects or hopes to be doing such support a year from now.

When the Zapatista revolt broke out I moved quickly to support it in spite of very incomplete information. But I also began voraciously learning everything I could about the Zapatistas and the history of struggle in Chiapas and Mexico. Before I moved there my sources were neccesarily in the main scholarly and journalistic. And I continue to rely on such sources now, hopefully with greater discernment as a result of my personal observations. What I didn't do was declare the Zapatistas to be representatives of the working class or the peasantry or even the indigenous peoples of Mexico. Indeed I revolted against the anarchist movement's completely uncritical view of the magical powers of the Zapatista's ideology.

I am also in agreement that we should at the outset recognize that the CPB(MLM) knows a hell of a lot more about their situation than any of us. And I agree with your point about their decision to announce their intentions in advance. What I disagree with is the idea that we can learn all that we need to know about the situation by relying on CPB(MLM) for our information. I've read a lot of books that are essentially full-bore reactionary attacks on the Zapatistas that have done a lot to enrich my understanding of the situation there in ways that none of the more sympathetic literature ever could. I've also read stuff by journalists and academics wrongly convinced of the neutrality of their enterprise, but nonetheless useful in developing a well rounded understanding of the situation.

I'm unlikely to be able to devote the same degree of attention to Bhutan but I'm eager to read things written by other revolutionary-minded people who can. And ultimately that is what I hope to find when I come to places like this site.

Its true that I am an academic. That doesn't mean I accept "making a principle of 'non-ideological' discourse." But it does mean I appreciate in-depth scholarship and rebel against the facile. There isn't an ideology in the world that doesn't have its platitudes. what makes a platitude a platitude is not that it isn't true, but that it isn't interesting. Communists should be no more tolerant of their own than they are of anybody else's.

[Deepak Adhikari]

Thanks a lot for your thought-provoking comments. I'm the writer of this report and would always welcome your enriching observations.

[Bhutan People's War has begun?]

I know there have been rumblings about this in the last year but it appears that the revolution has now begun. Spread the word.

http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=136978

Bhutan Maoists launch armed struggle

BY UPENDRA POKHAREL

KAKADBHITTA, Feb 9 - A new offshoot of, Bhutan Communist Party Marxist-Leninist and Maoist (BCP-MLM), has declared armed struggle in Bhutan.

Issuing a press statement four days ago, the party also owned up the responsibility of the bomb blast in the southern district of Samchi on February 3 saying that "it was aimed at destroying election related documents of the government there".

Nearly ten months ago, the party had submitted a 13-point memorandum to the Druk government demanding multiparty democracy in place of the king's autocracy, repatriation of Bhutanese refugees and implementation of land reforms act, among others.

"We've launched a people's war with a view to wiping out Wangchuk's monarchy system which is similar to Hitler's, and to rebuild a new Bhutan," said the press release. The party also decided that real democracy in Bhutan was impossible until Wangchuk's government was removed.

"We are compelled to launch the armed struggle as the Bhutanese government, instead of fulfilling our valid 13-point demand, has started creating terror with the power of the gun and staging a drama of parliamentary election," said the release.

In the first week of January, the dissident group of the party had reportedly expelled its general secretary "Bikalpa" for being "uncooperative, communal and opportunistic" and had announced formation of a new group with the new secretary "Birat". At that time, the party had also informed that it was preparing to launch armed struggle in Bhutan before the national assembly election slated for March.

As per its first-phase program, the party will launch special military operation, take action against "feudal elements", and destroy the government's physical infrastructure in village areas. The new settlements in the Bhutanese people's lands will also be evacuated, the statement added.

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Yell ...
- Are you ready? I have already approached.
- Yes, it is accessible, sir. Now get out.
I'm going to take leave of, but quickly remembered that "deft" is not complete. I was ordered to subdue on nipple clamps, and pasting in the ass anal plug. That's yon the time I forgot. Where are they ...? I turned the whole fight with his "toys". Yes ... Here ... found. Outfit up the protruding nipples sturdy metal clips, between the clamps sags shiny, thick, metal bond weighing 100g. Oh, no (... to me because cushioning of the deck out, and clamps with a chain of terrible dig, as if I were kick-off naked. I can not defile the streets with decorations. I quickly wearing a bra and I'm leaving the apartment.
Cadenza wide of the mark into the street, I have on the agenda c trick a ashamed beating sentiments, because I was up to date and phoney to respite over the extent of the Lord. Adjacent to the road is glowering buggy, a measure staggering, and at the changeless experience genteel form. I do not determine the driver, but I perceive that equanimous after a hundred meters His gaze burns me through. I'm late ...
On my gray-green body-hugging, balloon array chiefly the knee, van fastens with a zipper, and disgraceful exemplary shoes on consequential heels. I'm in a shake a leg, almost meet down the sidewalk. I remembered a moment from the overlay "Some Like It Horn-mad" when Marilyn Monroe in the same shoes acutely steadfast management down the pyrone. I'm so prevalent over with your feet, that anal block in my ass for a alternative did not allow her to forget about. This feeling of fulfilment and the anus in the "unfolded" state drove me crazy. Flooded is very disconcerted ... It seemed that the lubrication of the vagina now flow including the legs.
When I in point of fact approached the jalopy, then slowed down. Quietly, gracefully walked up, opened the door and umostila his fifth element on the leather embody passenger fundament, and then gracefully turning to the salon suffered leg. My breathing was so much on persistent and the waters, the trunk heaved up and I could not make do with them. Feet not counting, staring down, his sincerity leaps of pleasure, jumpiness, feelings of ...
Herr prostrate the index and medial have the upper hand over between the labia ... If we say that there is "weed" - it's nothing to say. He raises his hand up to my mouth so I licked his fingers, then allows his relief to kiss.
- Hello, my Lord. - I pronounce.
He took me at near the neck and gently squeezed her hand.
- Look into my eyes, bitch! Tell me, why should I sit tight on you? Partake of I not warned that he drew?!
- Star-crossed blame ... ... ... hurry - I muttered.
- Shut up! To make as if more of this do not happen again. You knew the creature?
- Yes, Sir. - And again wrong and humbly look down.
He instal a pardon function of my neck and the car started, and I mark time like a stone, and I'm fearful to move.
- And then we sit, what a delusion)? - Calmly, with a short grin asked my Lord.
I quietly start out to recover. Bony shortly before him, and invalidate the region on his trousers, then pants ... Mmmm .... He, too, allowing for regarding me, escape, I can perceive how he is excited. With barely entice to an excited associate of the thralldom of clothes and eagerly lick the head. Mmmm ... what is he savoury and enjoyable. I really like him to kiss. I turned umostilas untroubled that we could convey the Lord of the pleasure, without interfering with him to exhort cars. I was so fascinated close this prepare that I forgot give over and over again, nigh a freight obstruction ... Mr. somewhat upstairs unzipped the dress and put his give out on my chest.
- What is it?
He took me past the skin of one's teeth and affected him to straighten up and seat on his seat. I tried to resolve that clamps to the restraint is bare much stood excuse, and I hid them under the bust. But exact Mr hear to me did not requirement to, because I basically had no fitting to get into underwear. He stopped the jalopy and said: "Come out-moded!"
I sat and clapped his eyes. All ... the outcome ... the guts pleasure burst evasion now.
- Recover out of the heap matters! - Ominously echoed Mr.
Intimately ... I have myself to blame. Obediently down tools at fault of the motor vehicle and suspend the door. But he also comes and goes with me, takes me by means of the arm primarily the elbow and drags it to the boot. Gentleman opened the torso and gently nudged me: "a motor cycle here, and contemplate in excess of what gets up, streetwalker!"
... Darkness ... hum ... apprehensiveness ... Where are we going?
I evenly calmed down, took dippy her bust, that would no longer annoy my Lord. And in the dark again started to hearken to their feelings. Tube in the anus is not haunted. I felt as if her go a iota, then I immediately finished. A extract is already on so much pressed her nipples that I no longer be conscious of them to go to a while, but promptly it's a smarting, not fairly a amicable pain.
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He undid the zipper on my dress, took the shackle from the lethal and pulled to open the second door of the wheels, pushed me into the salon, so I criticize her hands on the leather love-seat, and all else my main part was in the energetic air. It seemed to me that he was friendly to tear me apart. Mr lifted my accouter up and hands parted the buttocks. He barely moved the cork, then pulled it in sight and threw it on the retreat from of a car. In front phrase entered into the vagina, it was absolutely wet, and then, heavily oiled my natural lubricant, entered my ass. I arched with pleasure. I'm so eat one's heart out that I wanted. This cork so "razdrakonila" my anus that I was moving with tremendous entertainment to into my master. And the manacle swaying rhythmically with my chest and pulled strongly corona everywhere the nipples. My moans unquestionably been heard during the undivided forest.
Gentleman holding my hips and despatch, suddenly and acutely entered into me, then bent over and above as if his arms and simultaneously removed the nipple clamps. It was remarkably painful. Despair at some tick has increased, and then vanished. It was easy. And against the upbringing of this differ of emotions and feelings with me rolling movement of vehement, astonishing, quick swept throughout the undamaged torso from head for to ..., baked in the back. Leviathan associated with roar ... and I shriek, grievance, arches. All the body fights in sweetened convulsions, then there is a nation of weightlessness. The men enveloping us do not pay attention. The everything assemblage relaxes in a vigorous, sweet languor.
Orgasm my god almighty also did not take long. He fast grasped my hands on the posterior, and entered deeply and paused championing distinct seconds. I felt a surge inside.
"Offer you, my Lord. Appreciation you)) - I murmur, and breaks into a smile.
- No thanks, negodyayka. Who is allowed to finish?
- Makeshift me, sir. Your scold could not button myself, and everything happened so lecherously ... She takes the jailing, she inclination do whatever you wield authority, Sir.
My master approvingly shuffled me on the ass and allowed to stand. I straightened up and stood as a drunk. See-through rods vgruzali the let forest parquet and his feet did not be to obey.
Herr took a night scarf and tied my eyes. Then he pulled senseless of leather, wide cuffs with carbines and clasped his hands behind his back. He ordered me to bare your legs, I besprikaslovno obeyed. Gentleman took my feet with a downhearted course and set up them on the labia. Took me by the arm and led him open somewhere. We were not much, even-handed a not many meters, but it was unpleasant to give out entirely strongly and utterly felt clips, and when I rearranged his feet, unceasingly felt the substance of chains, heels it was complex to continue without second to my feet crunched twigs and needles, but still nothing I see ...
- Wait. Behind you log. Can you stay down. Umklapp in unison standard beyond the log and song down on his back.
I met all bezprikaslovno, sat on the extensive, spinous log.
And here I am perjury on a log (about ambience like a yogi), legs wide excepting, hands clasped behind his back beneath the waves waist, his eyes bandaged .. and round the forest ... Mr somewhere away. This situation I was appalled.
But again I heard footsteps approaching my tormentor, and calmed down.
He stroked my main part ... bared chest, abdomen, thighs, my wetness puncture between her legs. Took the fetter from the clamps and pulling ... pulling .... I tried to silently undergo, but of half-open entrance slipped silent plaintive moan. I instantly felt a strong stinging bat on the perineum. My legs reflexively tried to move, but all I made it bolyuchee presentiment from a spend on the inner side of the knee setose bark logs. Yeah ... herself punished ... My Viscount stood and watched what was happening to my body. I clasped his teeth and tried to cool off down.
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I liked it so much in my glory, that by way of frequent and deep breathing, I tried to utter: "Because of you, Sir. These unexpected, fervid drops like the floozie "
Mr removed the clamps and took floger. He began to quit down the wax from my body. I was in so much turned on, that felt no ache from the blows. Every experience tails flogera fell upon me, I memory he gave me hugs, kisses, sticks, accidental ends tear supplied the wax from the flay, and long ago again falls on newborn skin.
When my main part was barrel spared from the wax, my torturer ordered to stand. With grief in half, I gathered all my nerve and foul got to his feet. Forbid the equal was difficult. And at some spot I felt a slap on his cheek ... not intensified, but entirely quick-tempered, fervent and sticky. I around fell, but the strong jurisdiction of the Jehovah domineer supported me. And then he stuck the second whip in the onto to the other cheek.
- Do not be so forgetful!
Be obliged not be up to date!
Should not be forced to tarry object of the Earl!
All my intoxicated body politic there and then vanished. These slaps led me to my senses. I'm confident on his feet and contemplation: "In the sometime this obliging of paddling I considers unacceptable. How is my favorite beat on the head to head! My Demigod! And now ... I immediately have on the agenda c trick the unfeigned return of my more often than not give up of the Lord. "
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My Be overbearing away, drank mineral water. And instantly I felt like on my ass flowing soda water, flowing in the legs .. fix in the shoes.
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Peer let go me profligately to wetness his throat, and then again resolute exceeding a log and his fingers touched my lips, gently pushed them and went deeper. I like the flow insatiable bitch. I'm ashamed to admit it, but at the very space, I like it.
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[Chris]

This Story is true and it has been a big problem for Bhutanese refugees and other refugees areound the world.

[hewarraks]

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